Comparison of Chicken Feed Effects on Development

Comparison of Chicken Feed Effects on Development All six significant domesticated agricultural animals today chicken, cow, goat, horse, pig and sheep had been domesticated in Eurasia by 5000 BP. (Thompson, 2002) The earliest evidence of domestication of chickens relies on interpretation of archaeological discoveries of bones and artefacts. (Crawford, 2003) Archaeological discoveries in China indicate that chickens had been domesticated by 5400 B.C. (Crawford, 2003) People of Cishan Culture (Neolithic Yellow River culture in northern China) had chickens then, but it is not known whether these birds made much contribution to modern domestic fowl. (Crawford, 2003) The jungle fowl (G. gallus), has without a doubt been a major contributor to domestic fowl (Crawford, 2003). The chicken (Gallus, gallus or Gallus domesticus) is generally considered to have evolved from the jungle fowl (G. gallus). (Kennth Kriemhild, 2000) The jungle fowl (G. gallus) ranges throughout the area between eastern India and Java. (Kennth Kriemhild, 2000) There are four key steps to domesticating poultry which were that in early stages of domestication poultry had to forage on their own. (Crawford, 2003) They had to be able to reproduce in captivity (Crawford 2003) the ability to imprint was important in initial taming. (Crawford 2003) and the species had to have a social order that allowed the keeping of large numbers of individuals. (Crawford, 2003) The main role of chickens now is to produce eggs and meet for the market. In 2004/2005 the gross value of production in Australia for the chicken meat and egg industries was estimated at approximately $1.3 billion. (Department of Primary Industries, 2008) Poultry meat is now the most consumed meat in Australia. . (Department of Primary Industries, 2008) Although chickens are strongly associated with egg production, they also have very different associations. (Kennth Kriemhild, 2000) In much of Southeast and East Asia they have been bred both for fighting and as a decoration. (Kennth Kriemhild, 2000) There are four different types of poultry enterprises: broilers (production of chicken for meat), layers (birds producing table eggs), rearing farms (production of point of lay pullets) and breeder farms. (Department of Primary Industries, 2008) The layout of the shed and type of housing differs between the types of poultry operation. (Department of Primary Industries, 2008) The aims of this experiment are to monitor and assess the development of chickens on different feeds using a feed conversion ratio, and to observe and describe their physical and behavioural development over time. On appointed days chickens were to be fed and given water on a daily basis. Excess foods were weighed and recorded so ratios could be calculated and obtained. Chickens were weighed on a weekly basis, on Wednesdays, so that the calculation of growth rate could be put monitored and observed. Along with this observations were made of chickens on various days, if not everyday for behavioural studying purposes. It was hypothesised that chickens fed on broiler feed would have a greater weight gain than chickens fed on layer feed over the 5 week period. METHODS The chickens were obtained from a poultry farm known officially as Wagners Poultry Enterprises. The chickens given were White Leghorn cross New Hampshire at the age of one or two days old. The chickens were divided into groups of six and student groups of approximately sixteen students were assigned to one group of chickens each. Chickens were placed in pens and in turn students were assigned to the pens where the chickens were kept through out the five week duration. The chickens pens located at La Trobe Universitys Agricultural Reserved housed a total of twelve chicken pens. The type of feed given to the chickens was decided by the group number the pen was given. Groups assigned to even number pens were to feed their chickens broiler feed, brand named Brastoc Turkey and Meat Chicken Starter, and odd numbered pens were to feed their chickens layer feed, Barastoc Pullet Starter. The pens were isolated, self-contained and about 1 x 1 x 2 m in size. The floor of the pens was concrete which was covered in black lining and contained a sawdust base. The top of the pen had a plastic mesh over it to prevent escape. The chickens were provided with heat lamps, feeders and water dispensers all attached to a chain and hooked to a pole above the mesh. The feeders and water dispensers along with the heat lamps were adjusted in accordance with the chickens age. Observations were carried out as much as possible, sometimes even twice in the one day, but generally all days except Tuesday was observed in accordance with the students university timetable and their availability. The duration of the observations under went intervals of fifteen minutes, where all aspects of behaviour and development were documented. Observations were done under the least amount of outside influence as possible, in respect to this only two students were allowed in the shed where the chicken pens were being kept and students were encouraged to keep noise to a minimum. As the weeks went on chickens behaviour that was recorded included those such as grooming, resting, drinking, interacting, alarming, ambulatory and aggressive. Above all the behavioural and developing attributes the hierarchy if any of chicken formation was also documented. All observations were recorded and documented into a plain exercise book by each student of the group, with clear indication of whom the observations were done by. Chickens were feed every second day, Monday, Wednesday and Friday, with enough food given on each day to last the chickens for days not fed and on Fridays for the weekend. Initially a total of 240g were placed in the feed dispensers to accommodate the 20g required for each individual chicken and to compensate for the day the chickens would not be fed. The amount given to the chickens on feeding days was adjusted to accommodate for their growth further along in the project. Along with accommodating for the size of chickens the amount of feed to be given to chickens in further weeks was also based upon amount of feed offered and refused, all of which was weighed and kept a record of. Food was weighed on an electric scale in a container provided. The amount of food given and refused was always recorded on a sheet given to us indicating the date and feed given and refused. The sheet was stored along with our observation book, hooked onto a nail on the outside of the allocated chicken pen. Chickens were checked on a daily basis and were given fresh water daily if needed, except for weekends, providing the chickens with fresh drinking water. Replenishment of water was recorded alongside on the same sheet of paper where the feed record was being kept. Table 1. A timetable showing jobs carried out each day over the 5 week period Monday Feed, water check and observations Tuesday Water and chicken check Wednesday Feeding, weighing, water check and observations Thursday Observation, chicken and water check Friday Food, water and observation RESULTS Table 2. Composition of feeds Composition:Â  Crude Protein (minimum) (%) Layer feed:Â  19.5 Broiler feed:Â  22 Composition:Â  Crude Fat (minimum) (%) Layer feed:Â  2.5 Broiler feed:Â  2.5 Composition:Â  Crude Fibre (minimum) (%) Layer feed:Â  6 Broiler feed:Â  5 Composition:Â  Salt (maximum added) (%) Layer feed:Â  0.3 Broiler feed:Â  0.3 Composition:Â  Copper (added) (mg/kg) Layer feed:Â  0.8 Broiler feed:Â  8 Composition:Â  Selenium (added) (mg/kg) Layer feed:Â  0.1 Broiler feed:Â  0.3 Composition:Â  Calcium (minimum) (%) Layer feed:Â  1 Broiler feed:Â  1 Table 2. Shows that layer and broiler feed had the same amount of crude fat, salt and calcium. Broiler feed has more crude protein, copper and selenium than layer feed, whereas Layer feed has more crude fibre than broiler feed. DISCUSSION The results support the hypothesis that chickens fed on broiler feed would have a greater weight gain than chickens fed on layer feed over the 5 week period, as table 3 and figure. 1 show that chickens fed broiler feed had a higher average weight gain then chickens fed on layer feed. The aims of this experiment to monitor and assess the development of chickens were carried out over the five weeks and observations were made describing their physical and behavioural development over time. The experiment was carried out on chickens with different feeds and a feed conversion ratio was calculated. We also provided the chickens with clean drinking water, sufficient food amounts of food according to their age and feed refusal and a suitable environment in which they could grow and develop certain behaviours. The broiler chickens had a higher growth rate, as shown by table 3 and fig. 1. By the end of the 5 weeks, the broiler chickens reached a live-weight of 467 ÂÂ ± 58 where as chickens who consumed the layer feed for the duration of the experiment reached a live-weight of 429 ÂÂ ± 61. The difference between the growth rates of the broiler and layer chickens is closely related to live-weight. Through out the process, beginning in week one, chickens being fed broiler as opposed to layer maintained a higher growth ratio and remained heavier that the chickens being fed the layer product. In respect to this broiler chickens are capable of higher growth rates and greater weight gain than layer chickens. In the poultry industry, broiler chickens are selected for their carcass processing characteristics and meat density, whereas layer chickens are genetically bred to achieve smaller body weights than those of the broilers (Department of Primary Industries, 2009). Another factor of the growth and weight gain in chickens could also be the composition of the feeds. As seen in table 2 the broiler feed contained 2.5% more crude protein, 7.2 mg/kg more copper and 0.2 mg/kg more selenium than the layer feed. All these factors couldve influenced the growth in chickens and could be why chickens fed broiler feed would gain more live-weight as well as maintain a higher growth ratio. The increase in growth rate found within broiler chickens has been found to be linked to an increase in the deposit of fats and the use of energy. (Geraert et al 2006) All ingredients fond within the chickens feed contributes some part to their growth and weight gain. Coppers influence on health and growth within a chicken is present as the antimicrobial properties found within Cooper help to improve an animals performance such as; increase growth in poultry, improved growth rate, feed intake and feed efficiency (Forbes Shariamatdari 1993). Crude protein also influences the diet energy of a chicken when they are still young (Hayashi et al 2000) as well as their metabolic ability. (Hayashi et al 2000) From the experiment as show in table 4, it shown that broiler chickens have a slightly better feed conversion ratio of 1.5 ÂÂ ± 0.129 g but also maintain a higher feed intake 3889 ÂÂ ± 534 g than that of layer chickens, whose feed conversion ratio is similar to that of the broiler chickens at 1.52 ÂÂ ± 0.051 g and less of a feed intake at 3549 ÂÂ ± 247 g. Calcium levels also differ between that of the layer and broiler feeds. Layer feed has 0.5% more calcium than broiler feed. Calcium ratio plays a vital role in the quality of an egg produced, (Department of Primary Industries) As the chickens grew and developed more, so too did their behavioural characteristics. To begin with the chicks were hardly active at all being under the heated lamp majority of the time, however after a fortnight the chickens activity level was significantly higher, showing signs of flapping wings and a lot more running around within the pen. This behaviour of flapping of the wings is a mechanism known as break used by chickens. (Rogers 2006) Within the second week it was observed that chickens were preening one another, this type of behaviour was commenced whilst the chickens were flocked together in a group always near a wall. Preening aids in the removal of lice and is done using the beak (Gush 2006). As the chickens progressed with age in the 4th week a lot of the time was spent sitting perched up above the food and water dispensers. This type of behaviour is normal and is to be expected after four weeks of age. (Rogers 2006) Through out the five week period and supported by table 6 interactions was the most common behaviour during the experiment. Among these interactions were behaviours such as pecking and scratching, which were major contributors to the interaction database. The behavioural interaction of pecking and scratching are present during all ages of a chicken (Rogers 2006) and are the major ways in which chickens interact and assimilate with their surroundings. (Gush 2006) Through out the 5 week period no formal hierarchical establishment appeared to be present. However there was the mild sign of aggression where chickens would kick at each other within the third week but this type of behaviour was rare and unseen after later dates. A hierarchy within chickens is not formed up until about the sixth week or onwards within domestic chickens (Rogers 2006) and thus no aggressive behaviour was present either as aggression is derived from the sequence of the hierarchy. (Rogers 2006) It was found that roosters were among the chickens which were handed out to us. Roosters in general like male and female humans tend to be heavier than that of their female counter. The inclusion of roosters within the results could be erroneous to the over all weight gain results. This experiment could be improved by regulating the gender of the two strains of chickens being introduced to the artificial environment thus giving more accurate and reliable end results and will nullify the problem of genetic variability.

Is Liberate Art A Way of Life Essay

In many instances, individuals neglect to acknowledge the importance of school and a higher education. The individuals who view education as their number one priority see staying in school is important. Why is it important? Is staying in school going to benefit the student/individual? In this essay, I will explain why the literate arts are important and for what they are good. I will also give the opinions of others and what my views are. Richard Miller, the writer of † The Dark Night of The Soul† writes, † I have these doubts, you see, doubts silently shared by many who spend their days teaching others the liberate arts. Aside from gathering and analyzing information, aside from generating critiques and analysis that forever fall on deaf ears, what might the literate arts be said to be good for?† (424). I agree when Miller says that the doubts are silently shared by many people. Miller and Friere have specified their outlooks on specific parts of literate arts. The literate arts can be explained in a plethora of different ways. Friere explains, â€Å"Yet only through communication can human life hold meaning. The teachers’ thinking is authenticated only by the authenticity of the students’ thinking. The teacher cannot think for his/her students, nor can she impose her thoughts on them. Authentic thinking, thinking that is concerned about reality, does not take place in ivory tower isolation, but only in communication†(322). Communication allows the individual to express what could not express though other liberates. I feel that liberate arts are put to good use when expressing ones self. It teaches individuals/students different ways to get away from reality when everything is falling apart around them. To me, without literate arts, society would deteriorate. Reading, writing, and communication puts my brain to work and it puts others who think like me brains to work, which is why they are important in education. Being literate helps students efficiently analyze what they read and write. When Miller reviews Amis’ writing, â€Å"The Information,† he explains that reading makes the student smarter and writing provides access to immortality and I agree with both statements. As I try to come up with a literary form that influences my way of thinking and captures me, I seem not to be able to come up with just one. The thing that did constantly pop up in my head was my favorite television show, â€Å"The Ghost Whisperer.† You’re probably thinking, â€Å"What is The Ghost Whisperer? What does that television show have to do with your essay? How does it tie into the topic?† As it turns out, it has a lot to do with my essay because it is another type of literate art. Television influences the mind of individuals just like reading, writing and communication. In â€Å"The Ghost Whisperer,† the main character, Melinda, tries to deal with her day-to-day life while dealing with her supernatural powers and the ghosts with whom she has encounter. Although she goes through all of these things, the main point is that she is human and goes through average person problems. Among the show’s storylines, I tend to find myself relating to some of the situations that the characters face. From the show, there was a quote that captured me the most. The quote that has captured me and influences me to refer to it on a daily basis; it comes from season five; episode eleven, â€Å"If you believe in happiness the way you believe in bad things you will find it.† This quote, in my opinion, has a powerful message within its self because life tends to make people think negatively depending on what people are going through. One has to stop thinking about everything that is going wrong and acknowledge what is going right. As I read, â€Å"The Dark Night of the Soul† by Richard E. Miller, I found it to be an interesting read. He inquires, why we read, why we write and what might literate arts be said to be good for? In his essay he describes the school massacres that have occurred throughout the years. As he describes these events, he asks a deeper question, â€Å"What is the point of continuing to read, write and learn in the face of such underlying dangers. I think that with all that is happening, individuals/students should continue with education because reading, television, writing and communication makes a difference in the lives of individuals around the world. The bottom line is that literary art has a way of touching students unexpectedly one way or another and students should not just throw the art away because of society’s perception. Works Cited Miller E., Richard. â€Å"The Dark Night of the Soul†.Ways of Reading: An Anthology for Writers. 9th. David Bartholomae & Anthony Petrosky. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s Press, 2010. 420-442. Print. â€Å"Dead Air.† The Ghost Whisperer. CBS. WWJ-TV, New York City. 8 Jan. 2010. Television.

Life After The Left Bank Essay Topics

Life After The Left Bank Essay Topics Most of all, you ought to be in a position to describe how it has changed you from the sort of person you were to the better person that you're now. Needless to say, you can select any topic, nobody could ever know that you're describing experience that you never actually had, but don't forget that it is always simpler to tell the truth than to invent lies. Select a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make sure that you know a lot about it! When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. Things You Won't Like About the Left Bank Essay Topics and Things You Will The option of compare and contrast essay topics isn't a simple task because you should clearly show your analytical skills. Examples example, for example, to illustrate, thus, in different words, as an illustration, s pecifically. You may discover that lots of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any sort of writing assignment. Learn which of the topics, you presently have a fairly good background on which will make it possible for you to have a relative edge. Lies You've Been Told About the Left Bank Essay Topics Even if you think in a specific argument very strongly, if you lack the evidence to demonstrate your point, then your argument might just be as great as lost. Write the draft of your essayHaving arguments for either side, it's possible to easily write the entire discursive essay. The conclusion provides the total verdict of the argument. When you are requested to pick a great topic for your argument, start with something you're acquainted with. An essay writing service can be an important teaching and learning tool for everybody involved with education. Writing the college application essay is a difficult gig. A college essay topic may or might not be freely dependent on the student based on the course and the professor. There are several persuasive essay topics to pick from to finish your high school or college assignment. You might decide to write on the issue you've already formed an opinion about. If you can select the problem all on your own, it's possible to produce the issue of interest! Topics are good for thinking process since they can assist you in making your own city better. Even if you're extended a precise subject, you still have some freedom since the exact problem can be analyzed in a multitude of various ways. The Benefits of the Left Bank Essay Topics On the concluding angle the way to to have interesting essay topics, you need to know the topic you need to write about. Therefore, the topic ought to be debatable! It must be interesting, the topic must be essential and finally the topic must be informative. Opt for an intriguing essay topic, and you'll start enjoying it. Persuasive essays are a fantastic method to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Left Bank Essay Topics Ideas College application essay topics are a crucial portion of an entertaining and compelling bit of writing. Always think deeply about the way to make a very good essay structure it's a significant part academic writing. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but make sure to do your homework on what the recent laws about your preferred topic actually say. Before you commence working on the paper, you must go through several topics to compose a persuasive essay on. Furthermore, you can capture reader attention with the aid of funny essay topics. The most suitable essay topics help you receive a rough feel of the real essays. Picking the most suitable essay topic can occasionally be rather tricky. Top Left Bank Essay Topics Choices There are lots of elements to be considered while looking about for an acceptable topic for an essay undertaking. Remain realistic and pick a topic you're able to research. A research topic has to be actual and updated. Selecting an essay topic is extremely important, and you may write the proper things about boring facts and events. The Benefits of the Left Bank Essay Topics The very first step is where a lot of students become stuck. For students, writing such a document is among the several assignments that they should do. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points you may counter to your own points. It is often as large or as small as it is possible to think about! Where to Find the Left Bank Essay Topics Bear in mind that even though picking out a topic is only the initial stage of writing an essay paper, it's also among the most important ones. When picking the topic for your essay, you must be sure that you're picking something that's very specific too. Picking a persuasive topic is a genuine art. Picking an emotional topic is also an excellent idea. the Left Bank Essay Topics Remember you can make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. The reader ought to take the author's side by the close of the reading. Tell us a topic which you have changed your head on in the last three years. You might think that interesting essay titles do all of the work, enabling you to add obvious examples and share ordinary ideas.

The Allegory Of The Cave Proposed By Plato - 1595 Words

The allegory of the cave proposed by Plato includes the representation of the levels of knowledge. As we get closer to the exit, we get more knowledgeable and wiser we get, thus becoming better selves. Literature represents part of this knowledge, it has been a fundamental part of understanding our society, and has archived and developed the events and thoughts that made the world in which we live today. The more we read, the more we understand about us as well as learning from other peoples’ experiences. Literature has gathered all the information we know so far and has brought us out of the cave by showing us how humanity has evolved the we know it. Knowledge is said that can be taught by someone who has certainly more understanding and experience than someone else. According to Plato, in the case of the cave, between the prisoner and the instructor, knowledge can’t be transmitted. Every person has different experiences and points of view that would distort the interpretation, thus, having different meanings. Instead, the best way is by directing, meaning that the role of the instructor is to guide its students to what is relevant and important in life, which will allow the student to learn independently. Walking towards the light which can also be perceived as knowledge, is the main need in order to reach self-actualization. â€Å"Last of all he will be able to see the sun, and not mere reflections of him in the water, but he will see him in his own proper place, and not inShow MoreRelatedPlatos Allegory of the Cave and the Condition of Mankind1147 Words   |  5 Pagesdistinction between truth and knowledge is effecti vely highlighted in Plato’s allegory of the cave, which illustrates the great limitations faced by philosophers in discovering the ultimate nature of reality. Nevertheless regarding the theory of knowledge, the parable itself is highly symbolic and asserts that any knowledge gained through perceptual awareness is an illusion and are mere reflections of the highest truths. This allegory can be interpreted in many ways; however in the context of platonic epistemologyRead MoreWhy the Philospher Should Rule (Plato)1708 Words   |  7 PagesEXPLAIN 2) WHY IT IS A DILEMMA FOR HE TO CHOOSE TO RULE. WHY DOES HE HAVE TO BE COMPELLED AND WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE COMPULSION? 3) BE SURE TO COMMENT ON HOW THIS QUESTION IS RELATED TO THE ANSWER PLATO ATTEMPTS TO CONSTRUCT TO GLAUCONS CHALLENGE? Part 1 In Plato’s Republic, Plato sets out to prove that it is always better to be just than unjust. Doing so requires him to look into the soul of human beings. 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The visible world is based off the senses, what is perceived around us, and i t is a world made of up of change and uncertainty. The intelligible world is unchanging and perfect, such as ideas. These two realms are applied in the passage â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave†. In the â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† the prisoners that are forced to watch the shadowy figures areRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave1086 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the allegorical significance(s) of the cave in Plato’s Republic. How is the cave an allegory of Plato’s philosophy? How is the allegory of the cave an allegory for enlightenment or philosophical education? How and why are most human beings like prisoners in a cave? Who are the puppeteers? What does the world outside the cave represent? What does the sun represent? Etc. What is Plato’s Theory of the Forms? What is a Form? How does the allegory of the cave express Plato’s Theory of the Forms? HowRead MorePlato s Theory Of Education Essay2036 Words   |  9 PagesPlato enunciated his theory of education in The Republic that knowledge would allow the person to be guided towards the right desires and would lead to understanding the distinction between forms and appearances with use of the allegory of the cave. 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